Math 375 – 9/14 Oct 26, 2017 Shawn Math 375 No comments yet Math 375 – 9/13 Oct 26, 2017 Shawn Math 375 No comments yet Math 375 – 9/12 Oct 26, 2017 Shawn Math 375 No comments yet Math 431 – 9/11 Nov 21, 2017 Shawn Math 375 No comments yet Math 375 – 9/11 Oct 26, 2017 Shawn Math 375 No comments yet 1 … 59 60 61 62 63 … 84
![Subspace • Theorem ○ V: vector space ○ S: a subset of V (S⊆V) ○ If for every x,y∈S, we have x+y∈S ○ And if for every x∈S, t∈R, we have tx∈S ○ Then S is also a vector space • Given ○ It has been shown that ○ Rn={(x_1,x_2,…,x_n )│x_1,x_2,…,x_n∈R ○ is a vector space • Example ○ Is S={(x_1,x_2,x_3)│2x_2+x_2=0} a vector space? ○ S∈R3, so we only need to verify the closure axioms § x,y∈S⇒x+y∈S § x∈S, t∈R⇒ tx∈S • Linear subspace ○ If V is a vector space and S⊆V is also a vector space, ○ then S is called a linear subspace of V • Function space example 1 ○ V={all real−valued functions with domain [0,1]} ○ ={f│f:[0,1]→R} is a vector space • Function space example 2 ○ (x_1,x_2,…,x_n ) could be viewed as a function ○ from the set {1,2,3,…,n} to R Span of Vector Spaces • Linear Combination ○ Given § V is a vector space § v_1,v_2,…,v_n∈V § c_1,c_2,…,c_n∈R ○ then c_1 v_1+c_2 v_2+…+c_n v_n is called ○ a linear combination of v_1,v_2,…,v_n • Span ○ If V is a vector space and A⊆V is a subspace of V ○ then the span of A is the set of all linear combinition of vectors in A ○ span(A)={c_1 v_1+c_2 v_2+…+c_n v_n│■8(v_1,v_2,…,v_n∈S@c_1,c_2,…,c_n∈R, n≥1} • Example ○ V=R2 ○ A={(x_1,x_2)│x_1^2+x_2^2≤1} ○ span(A)=R2 Span of Function spaces • Example ○ V={all real-valued functions with domain [−π,+π]} ○ A={1,x,x^2,x^3,x^4 } ○ Span of A contains function of the form § f(x)=a_0+a_1 x+a_2 x^2+a_3 x^3+a_4 x^4 § where a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4∈R ○ ⇒span(A)={all polynomials of degree≤4 with domain [−π,+π]} • Change of Domain ○ V={all real-valued functions with domain {0,1}} ○ A={1,x,x^2,x^3,x^4 } ○ span(A)={x} • Question ○ Does x^5∈span{1,x,x^2,x^3,x^4 } with domain [−π,+π] ○ No, suppose x^5∈span{1,x,x^2,x^3,x^4 }, then § x^5=a_0+a_1 x+a_2 x^2+a_3 x^3+a_4 x^4, (∀x∈[−π,+π]) § Let x=0⇒a_0=0 ○ Differentiate both side, we get § 5x^4=a_1+2a_2 x+3a_3 x^2+4a_4 x^3 § Let x=0⇒a_1=0 ○ Differentiate both side, we get § 4⋅5x^3=2a_2+6a_3 x+12a_4 x^2 § Let x=0⇒a_2=0 ○ Similarly § a_0=a_1=a_2=a_3=a_4 § ⇒x^5=0 , (∀x∈[−π,+π]) ○ Let x=1, we get 1^5=1=0 ○ Therefore x^5 is not in span{1,x,x^2,x^3,x^4 } Linear Dependence • Definition ○ If V is a vector space, v_1,…,v_n∈V ○ {v_1,…,v_n } are linearly independent if for every c_1,…,c_n∈R § c_1 v_1+c_2 v_2+…+c_n v_n ○ We have § c_1=c_2=…=c_n=0 ○ i.e. The only linear combination of {v_1,…,v_n } that adds up to 0 is § 0v_1+0v_2+…+0v_n=0 • Example 1 ○ v_1=(1,0), v_2=(0,1), v_3=(2,2) ○ {v_1,v_2,v_3 } is linear dependent ,because 2v_1+2v_2−v_3=0 • Example 2 ○ v={0} is linear dependent, because 2×0=0](https://shawnzhong.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/img_59f254f15c011.png)
![What does a proof look like? • Assumptions • Conclusion • Proof Example 1 • Assumption ○ V={(x_1,x_2,x_3 )|x_1,x_2,x_3∈Rand x_1+x_3=0} ○ ∀ x,y∈V, x+y is defined by ○ z=x+y if z=(x_1+y_1,x_2+y_2,x_3+y_3 ) ○ tx is defined by tx=(tx_1,tx_2,tx_3 ) for every x∈V,t∈R • Conclusion ○ V is a vector space • Proof: Axiom 1 (∀x,y∈V:x+y∈V) ○ let z=(z_1,z_2,z_3 )=x+y=(x_1+y_1,x_2+y_2,x_3+y_3 ) ○ z_1+z_3=x_1+y_1+x_3+y_3=(x_1+x_3 )+(z_1+z_3 )=0 ○ ⇒z∈V Example 2 • Assumption ○ V={(x_1,x_2,x_3 )|x_1,x_2,x_3∈Rand x_1+x_3=1} ○ ∀ x,y∈V, x+y is defined by ○ z=x+y if z=(x_1+y_1,x_2+y_2,x_3+y_3 ) ○ tx is defined by tx=(tx_1,tx_2,tx_3 ) for every x∈V,t∈R • Conclusion ○ V is not a vector Space • Proof: ∃x,y∈V:x+y∉V Axiom 5 • To show Axiom 5 does not hold, • we have to prove for every O∈V, • there is an x∈V with O+x≠x Example 3 • Assumption ○ V={all functions f:[0,1]→R} • Conclusion ○ V is a vector space • Proof: Axiom 3（∀f,g∈V:f+g=g+f） ○ Let h=f+g and k=g+f ○ Both h and g has a domain of [0,1] ○ h(x)=f(x)+g(x)=g(x)+f(x)=k(x)](https://shawnzhong.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/img_59f254dae53c3.png)
![Probability Space • Ω: sample space (list of all outcomes) • F: collection of events (subsets of Ω) • P: probability measure ○ P(A)∈[0,1] ○ P(∅)=0 ○ P(Ω)=1 ○ For disjoint A_1,A_2,…:P(⋃24_(i=1)^∞▒A_i )=∑_(i=1)^∞▒PA_i ) Equally Likely Outcome • P(ω)=1/(#Ω),∀ω∈Ω • P(A)=(#A)/(#Ω) • Example: 431 game with full deck ○ Ω={(c_1,c_2,c_3 )│■8(c_1 is my card@c_2 is your first card@c_3 is your second card@and they are all distinct)} ○ P(A)=(#A)/(#Ω) ○ W_7={(c_1,c_2,c_3 )∈Ω| (c_2≥7 and c_2c_1 ) or (c_27 and c_3c_1 )} ○ #Ω=52×51×50=(52)_3 ○ Note: (n)_k=n!/(n−k)! • Example: 431 game with replacement ○ Ω={(c_1,c_2,c_3 )│■8(c_1 is my card@c_2 is your first card@c_3 is your second card)} ○ W_7={(c_1,c_2,c_3 )∈Ω| (c_2≥7 and c_2c_1 ) or (c_27 and c_3c_1 )} ○ #Ω=〖52〗^3 Different Types of Random Experiments • S={1,…,n} • Sampling with replacement where order matters ○ Ω=S^k={(s_1,…,s_k )|s_i∈S} ○ #Ω=n^k • Sampling without replacement where order matters ○ Ω={(s_1,…,s_k )|s_i∈S and ∀i≠j:s_i≠s_j } ○ #Ω=n(n−1)⋯(n−k+1)=n!/(n−k)!=(n)_k • Sampling without replacement where order is irrelevant ○ Ω={A⊆S|#A=k}](https://shawnzhong.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_5a13a28c17868.png)
